什么是无功补偿?

2025-04-05 15:44:32
推荐回答(4个)
回答1:

无功补偿的基本原理
无功补偿的基本原理:电网输出的功率包括两部分;一是有功功率:直接消耗电能,把电能转变为机械能,热能,化学能或声能,利用这些能作功,这部分功率称为有功功率;二是无功功率:不消耗电能;只是把电能转换为另一种形式的能,这种能作为电气设备能够作功的必备条件,并且,这种能是在电网中与电能进行周期性转换,这部分功率称为无功功率,如电磁元件建立磁场占用的电能,电容器建立电场所占的电能.电流在电感元件中作功时,电流滞后于电压90度.而电流在电容元件中作功时,电流超前电压90度.在同一电路中,电感电流与电容电流方向相反,互差180度.如果在电磁元件电路中有比例地安装电容元件,使两者的电流相互抵消,使电流的矢量与电压矢量之间的夹角缩小,
  无功补偿的具体实现方式:把具有容性功率负荷的装置与感性功率负荷并联接在同一电路,能量在两种负荷之间相互交换。这样,感性负荷所需要的无功功率可由容性负荷输出的无功功率补偿。无功补偿的意义:
  ⑴补偿无功功率,可以增加电网中有功功率的比例常数。
  ⑵减少发、供电设备的设计容量,减少投资,例如当功率因数cosΦ=0.8增加到cosΦ=0.95时,装1Kvar电容器可节省设备容量0.52KW;反之,增加0.52KW对原有设备而言,相当于增大了发、供电设备容量。因此,对新建、改建工程,应充分考虑无功补偿,便可以减少设计容量,从而减少投资。
  ⑶降低线损,由公式ΔΡ%=(1-cosΦ/cosΦ)×100%得出其中cosΦ为补偿后的功率因数,cosΦ为补偿前的功率因数则:
  cosΦ>cosΦ,所以提高功率因数后,线损率也下降了,减少设计容量、减少投资,增加电网中有功功率的输送比例,以及降低线损都直接决定和影响着供电企业的经济效益。所以,功率因数是考核经济效益的重要指标,规划、实施无功补偿势在必行。
  电网中常用的无功补偿方式包括:
  ① 集中补偿:在高低压配电线路中安装并联电容器组;
  ② 分组补偿:在配电变压器低压侧和用户车间配电屏安装并联补偿电容器;
  ③ 单台电动机就地补偿:在单台电动机处安装并联电容器等。
  加装无功补偿设备,不仅可使功率消耗小,功率因数提高,还可以充分挖掘设备输送功率的潜力。
  确定无功补偿容量时,应注意以下两点:
  ① 在轻负荷时要避免过补偿,倒送无功造成功率损耗增加,也是不经济的。
  ② 功率因数越高,每千伏补偿容量减少损耗的作用将变小,通常情况下,将功率因数提高到0.95就是合理补偿
  就三种补偿方式而言,无功就地补偿克服了集中补偿和分组补偿的缺点,是一种较为完善的补偿方式:
  ⑴因电容器与电动机直接并联,同时投入或停用,可使无功不倒流,保证用户功率因数始终处于滞后状态,既有利于用户,也有利于电网。
  ⑵有利于降低电动机起动电流,减少接触器的火花,提高控制电器工作的可靠性,延长电动机与控制设备的使用寿命。
  无功就地补偿容量可以根据以下经验公式确定:Q≤UΙ0式中:Q---无功补偿容量(kvar);U---电动机的额定电压(V);Ι0---电动机空载电流(A);但是无功就地补偿也有其缺点:⑴不能全面取代高压集中补偿和低压分组补偿;众所周之,无功补偿按其安装位置和接线方法可分为:高压集中补偿、低压分组补偿和低压就地补偿。其中就地补偿区域最大,效果也好。但它总的电容器安装容量比其它两种方式要大,电容器利用率也低。高压集中补偿和低压分组补偿的电容器容量相对较小,利用率也高,且能补偿变压器自身的无功损耗。为此,这三种补偿方式各有应用范围,应结合实际确定使用场合,各司其职。

回答2:

回答3:

回答4:

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