简析苏轼豪放词的特点

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2025-04-03 16:17:59
推荐回答(1个)
回答1:

苏轼以前的词为应歌之曲子词,多写男女相思,写花间酒下的伤别。苏轼词抒发磊落纵横豪放之襟怀,摆脱花间词婉转之态,为激越、豪放充分表现作者的人格个性。如《赤壁怀古》“大江东去,浪淘尽,千古风流人物。”是一开始就在上下几千年、绵亘数千里的宏大境界上展开,开阔动荡、雄壮勃发,在这样浩渺的时空框架中,发出人生短暂、功名虚幻的感叹,把人生挫折的懊丧引向高远之处。这种人生哲学虽然缺乏激烈抗争的力量,却也反映了苏轼不甘沉沦的高傲性格。
  又如《江城子•密州出猎,全篇洋溢着一股报国杀敌的豪情,热切浓烈、意气奋昂,给人一种豪气干云天的冲动感觉。苏轼一生都宦海沉浮。指点河山,兼济天下是他的理想。这种儒家最基本的处世思想,促使着他汲汲奔走于仕途之中。既使是现实生活,个人悲愁,也能从个人的情感上升到理性的旷达,而非花间婉约的缠绵。   
曾有古人论《水调歌头》:“此词前半自是天仙化人之笔。” 足见对其评价之高。词中作者俯仰古今变迁,感慨宇宙流转,揭示睿智的人生理念。全词通篇咏月,却又处处关合人事,充溢着浓厚的哲学意味,是一首自然与社会高度契合的感喟作品。上片借月起兴,下片用月寄情。开篇, “明月几时有”一问,排空直入,笔力奇崛,有《天问》遗风。其下数句,笔势回折,跌宕多姿。“把酒问青天”,“今夕是何年”,又是一种对永恒存在的追寻;它说明作者在儒道的出世与入世,之间深自徘徊的困惑心态。到后来“人有悲欢离合,月有阴晴圆缺,此事古难全”三句,便又豁然开朗,在这永恒的时空里,人之离合与月之圆缺,自古亦然。既知此理,便不应自怨自艾,对圆月而生无谓的怅恨。最后“但愿人长久,千里共婵娟”,向世上所有遭受离别痛苦的人们,发出深深的祝愿,真是此句一出,境界自高。苏轼把词的题材取向从应歌回归到表现自我,并从现实生活中撷取创作题材,故苏词多为感事之作,在创作上用记实手法写自己的人生感受,使词的抒情贴近现实生活,词中的抒情人物形象与创作主题也由分离走向统一对应。使词的创作走向正视现实、面向社会和真实人生的大道,极大地拓宽了词的取材范围。
  而综观宋词,浩如烟海,但占最重分量的还是那些婉约缠绵之作。这其实与词的起源和发展直接相关。词本来就是用来让歌女们吟唱的,而歌女们最爱唱的,当然是能够打动人心的缠绵悱恻之句了。因而在苏轼作词之前,宋词的词风自然是非婉约莫属了。当苏轼作词之时,柳词早已是如日中天了,有市井处便有柳词。缠绵婉约已不只是柳词的特点。而是当时宋词的总体风格了。而作为宋代最伟大的文学家的苏轼,却没有使自己的作品落入传统的牢笼。于是,宋词也从此踏上了革新的道路。
  苏轼作词始于他的诗技较成熟时期。在词作的创作上,他结合了大量的诗歌技法,有时为了整体的诗意而不惜打破词曲的音律限制。在词的语言上,苏轼一变“花间”词人镂金错采的作风,都方吸收陶渊明、李白、杜甫、韩愈等人的诗句入诗,偶然也运用当时的口语,给人以清新朴素的感觉。可以说自苏轼词一出,凡是可以写诗的内容,无一不可以入词了。这样就打破了“词为艳科”的范围,提高了词品,扩大了词境,使词走向了广阔的生活天地。从此,词非但“缘情”,更可“言志”。争得了与诗并驾齐驱的地位。苏轼用词展示自己的政治抱负、人生感慨、生活情趣、感受、山川景色扩大了词境,把词家“缘情”与诗人“言志”结合起来,词品与人品得到了高度的统一和融合。
  总之,豪放飘逸之词使苏轼被人们尊为豪放词的开山之祖,虽其豪放词竟不足他全部词的十分之一, 然苏轼慷慨豪迈的气质,从应歌回归到表现自我正视现实、面向社会和真实人生的大道,扩大了词的歌咏范围,苏轼以诗为词的创作技法,使词获得新的飞跃发展,也使词不再是只可吟唱的曲词,还成了一种以长短句抒写广泛内容的新体诗。这也许正是苏轼对宋词最大的贡献吧!

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